Globalizacija i ekološki kolonijalizam

Abstract

Kada se pojam globalizacije pojavi u debatama o zaštiti životne sredine i u publikacijama, on često nije u vezi sa izrazima 'reforma životne sredine' i 'ekološka modernizacija'. Pitanja životne sredine su češće prikazana kao tamna strana globalizacije, sa životnom sredinom kao jednom od žrtava trenutne neo-liberalne globalizacije. Povećanje liberalizacije trgovine i investicija, smanjivanje kontrole od strane nacionalnih država nad onim što se događa na njihovim teritorijama, rastuća moć multinacionalnih kompanija - svi ovi faktori doprinose daljem apokaliptičnom pogledu na životnu sredinu u raspravama o globalizaciji. Ovaj rad istražuje drugu stranu ('mračnu-stranu') globalizacije. Može se tvrditi od strane pojedinih komentatora i političara da je kolonijalizam imao neke pozitivne efekte, ali uticaji kolonijalizma su bili negativni. Glavni uticaji ekološkog kolonijalizma odnose se na zemljište i šume, rudarstvo i tako dalje. Ipak, u savremeno doba možemo primetiti dinamičan razvoj 'novih tehnologija' kao što su telekomunikacije, informacione tehnologije, ali takođe i nekih tehnologija koje mogu prouzrokovati nepopravljive posledice. Glavni fokus u ovom radu biće na nuklearnim tehnologijama i nuklearnom otpadu i vezi sa ekološkim kolonijalizmom. Nuklearne tehnologije, kao što znamo, mogu biti vrlo korisne u nekim situacijama (na primer, nuklearni reaktori kao izvor energije) ali sa druge strane one mogu biti vrlo opasne, posebno po ljudsko zdravlje. Kao što smo već rekli, ovde ćemo predstaviti problem nuklearnog otpada i njegov uticaj na zdravlje stanovništva i životnu sredinu kao jednu od posledica ekološkog kolonijalizma. Najugroženije zemlje u ovom pogledu su zemlje u razvoju, naročito u Africi. Ove zemlje predstavljaju neku vrstu deponije nuklearnog otpada za najrazvijenije države (SAD i bivše metropole) i radioaktivni otpad iz nuklearnih reaktora lociranih u njima (na primer, oko 70% električne energije u Francuskoj potiče od nuklearnih reaktora). S druge strane, u ovom radu moramo reći nešto i o osiromašenom uranijumu (depleted uranium), sadržanom u NATO-projektilima u vreme agresije na (nekadašnju) SRJ 1999. godine, koji potiče od prirodnog uranijuma i koji je pokazao razarajuće posledice po zdravlje stanovništva u Srbiji. Ovo je najnoviji oblik globalizacije koji je praćen vojnim snagama. Tone i tone ovog otpada iz nuklearnih reaktora je 'bezbedno' uskladišteno (dalje od SAD i drugih savezničkih država) naročito u južnom delu Srbije, Kosovu i Metohiji. Iz ovih razloga ilustrovaćemo ovaj navod sa nekoliko kratkih primera.

When a notion of globalization appears in environmental debates and publications, it is not often in conjunction with phrases such as 'environmental reform' and 'ecological modernization'. Environmental issues are more often portrayed as the dark side of globalization, with the environment as one of the victims of ongoing neo-liberal globalization. Increasing liberalization of trade and investment, decreasing control by nation-states of what is happening within their territories, the growing power of multinational companies-all these factors contribute to a rather apocalyptic view of the environment in globalization debates. This paper investigates the other side ('dark-side') of globalization. It can be argued by some commentators and politicians that colonialism had some positive effects, but impacts of colonialism were overwhelmingly negative. The main impacts of ecologic colonialism relate to land and forests, extraction and mining and so on. However, in modern time we can see dynamic development of 'new technologies' such as telecommunications, information technologies, but also some technologies which may cause irreparable consequences. Actually, the main focus in this paper will be on nuclear technologies and nuclear waste and connection with ecological colonialism. Nuclear technologies, as we know, may be very useful in some situations (nuclear power reactors as source of energy, for example) but on the other hand it may be very dangerous, especially for human health. As we already said, we will present here the nuclear waste problem and its influence on the health of the population and the environment as one of the consequences of ecological colonialism. The most endangered countries in this context are developing countries, especially in Africa. These countries are some kind of nuclear waste dump for the most developed countries (USA and former metropolis) and radioactive waste from nuclear power reactors located in them (for example, approximately 70% of electric power in France originated from nuclear power reactors). On the other hand, in this paper we must say something about depleted uranium, contained in the NATO missiles during the aggression on (former) SRJ 1999, which origins from natural uranium and which displayed devastating consequences for the health of population in Serbia. This is the newest form of globalization which is followed by army forces. Tones and tones this waste from nuclear reactors were 'safety' stored (away from USA and other ally-countries), especially in south part of Serbia, Kosovo and Metohija. For this reasons we'll illustrated this allege with a few short examples. .